Essay on Ancient Roman Laws - 1245 Words

Ancient Roman Laws Although the history of Romes regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity, tradition was strong, and many of Romes laws and customs, committed to writing much later, have their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. Out of all of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian Codes, are some of them. The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman Government. In the upper classes, marriages varied; and when people did marry, they didn‘t create children. After†¦show more content†¦The laws were enforced by the kings of Rome and the Twelve Tables. These laws were started by Romulus. Romulus forced the citizens to harsh every male child and the first-born of the females, and he forbade them to put any child to death under three years of age, unless it was a cripple or a monster from birth. He also made other laws, like one that which does not let a wife divorce her husband, but gives him power to divorce her for the use of drugs or magic on and for her children. He also made another law which was more severe, and said that if a daughter-in-law strikes her father-in-law, she shall be given as a sacrifice to his ancestors god/s. Numa Pompilius made other laws to add on to the Roman government too. One of the laws he created included a royal law which forbade the burial of a pregnant woman before the child is taken out of from the mothers womb. On the Vestal Virgins he gave high honors, which gave them the right to make a will while their father/s lived and of doing all other righteous acts without a guardian. He also made another law which said that a concubine shall not touch the altar of Juno. If she touches it, she shall sacrifice a lamb to Juno with her hair open and spread out. The twelve tables were very important. Each of them were about : I - A man may bring another man to court, and may have witnesses, II - If someone needsShow MoreRelatedHow Wine Laws Regulate The Growth Of Wine Were The Ancient Romans Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 1, 2016 US Wine Laws The first known people to regulate the growth of wine were the ancient Romans. The Romans found that wine grew best in higher elevations and off the ground; as well as in certain regions. The practice of regulating wine carried on to recent history and modern times with France and other European nations heavily regulating wine production. Additionally, new world wine nations – like the United States and Australia – have implemented laws regulating the production,Read MoreGovernment in Ancient Greece and Rome Essay example1590 Words   |  7 Pages Not only does it allow the student to study great literature of Ancient Greek and Roman writers, but allows them to develop both written and spoken language while learning of great men and their achievements. Without the knowledge of the past, it is impossible to look forward toward the future. To be considered an educated person in today’s society, it is imperative that one possesses an understanding of ancient Gre ek and Roman civilization. The Founding Fathers of our nation believed this andRead MoreThe Twelve Tables Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesTwelve Tables were the first laws ever written down and shown to the public in Ancient Rome. The Twelve Tables were displayed in the Roman Forum or marketplace. 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How Can Data Controllers Improve The Right Essay - 862 Words

How easy is to implement the RTBF? A dreadful question with a not pragmatic answer; First, a search engine is like a library index with the assumption that the searching results will come up with no omission of information. Moreover, in analyzing the court ruling we can quickly agree in the inadequate and almost inexistent guidance from the European Union court to the data controllers such as Google, Microsoft Bing, and Yahoo in how to implement their ruling. Nonetheless, the court sets the following conditions to be eligible for erasures of links between search engines and the source content: A web page has to be â€Å"inadequate, irrelevant, or no longer relevant, or excessive.† (CURIA, Google v. Spain, 2014) The court also makes data controllers accountable as to guarantee the balance between individual s rights to privacy versus the public s right to information. 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International Business for Global Economic Blocs- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business for Global Economic Blocs. Answer: Introduction Undoubtedly, the economic contribution of China to international trade cannot be ignored. China global business reputation in the Brics and other regional and global economic blocs cannot be ignored which goes to show how countries can overcome cultural constrictions to be successful. The existence of international transactions is sufficient proof that culture impacts trade between different countries (Soo-hoo, 2016).There are various cultural factors that greatly impact on international trade such as pragmatism, business etiquette, religion, language barriers, traditional practices, consumption habits based on traditions and customs. However, with the modern technology and globalization, most of these challenges can be overcome. Cultural Challenges Culture plays a vital role in business, local or international.This is attribute to the fact that business thrives on consumption of goods and services. International trade is affected by the different cultural practices, customs and traditions of all its participating and non-participating partners thus the need to overcome these cultural prejudices, stereotypes, and customs to grow international trade. The fact that a countrys traditions or customs forbid the consumption of a certain product such as meat, pornographic materials, and other products denies the country whose export product is restricted thereby hindering international business transactions. Additionally, Pragmatism can be a hindrance or setback to international trade. For instance, the existence of different managerial and office etiquette might seem disrespectful or might be misconstrued by the other foreign party. Further, the variance of the punctuality concept among different countries differ. What one country might consider early, another might consider it late thus leading to unnecessary conflict and distrust.Chinas Pragmatism is considered one of the curtailers of international transactions (Sheer, n.d).Usually, each country has its own managerial structure and process which might be unique to it or a few other countries. Currently, China trade practices are feared to be sabotaging the United States of America businesses(Marshall,2018).The allegations against China are that China s trade policy and practices are infringing the intellectual property entitlements of the American based businesses through its technology transfer requirement for joint venture and compulsory source code disclosure. According to the American government, this Chinese practice of trade is injurious to its industry. However, according to China and some opinions, this move by the United States of America is likely to hinder globalized trade between the two countries. In addition, mental distance distorts global trade. Simply mental distance refers to classical elements emanating from one special foreign market and controls the flow of information. This causes distrust among possible foreign countries (Kahlor et.al, 2014).In the event that countries develop this mental distance, there will be no global trade or agreements between them. Mental distance creates mistrust thereby discouraging investor confidence which is very crucial for international trade to take place. For international transactions to take place, foreign countries require free information flow and trust in their prospective foreign trading partner without which there is a deadlock in trade. For instance, the American way of doing business and the Chinese way of doing business are different which is attributed to the cultural disparities of the two economic large economies thus the need to move past the cultural misconceptions (Xiao and Lili,2011)For Americans, their ideas are capitalistic whereas, for the Chinese, it all about the community thus the need to understand the different cultures so as to foster rather than hinder global trade. Undoubtedly, the importance of understanding one another is very key to any domestic or foreign transaction hence the importance of common language. Commonly, most countries use French, English, Spanish as the form of official communication. For most Chinese people, Mandarin is their official language. However, there are several languages spoken in China such as Cantonese, Wu Chinese among others (Sawe ,2017)thus creating possible miscommunication and mistrust among foreign trading partners. The fact that China is a major international trading partner for most countries in the world raises the need for a common language for easier and effective communication. Lack of a common dialect among international trading partners is possible to happen and generates mistrust thereby curtailing international trading transactions and agreements. Unlike the ancient times, barter trade which thrived on nonverbal cues cannot survive in this globalized world of today thus this has necessitated the involvement of translators and translation machines to bridge the communication gap between Chinese entrepreneurs and their trading partners thus easing global transactions. Religion. Primarily, religion is considered a cultural institution in most societies. Noteworthy, religion has the magnitude to affect international business transactions twofold. First, the likelihood of two foreign countries sharing the same religious values boosts the chances of foreign trade transactions between them as the opposite is true. Largely, China is atheist in nature supported by Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Folklore. Essentially, shared religious beliefs boost trust when it comes to foreign trading partners. Also, shared values and trading perspectives among shared religion countries is likely to boost trade thus the assertion that religious-based values and standpoints might bar Chinese business transaction with certain countries in the world. For some countries, women are not considered equal business partners with their male counterparts.For some deeply religious countries, such as Saudi Arabia, India, women are considered voiceless thus they are denied equal empowerment and business opportunities with their male counterparts.Such prejudices have curtailed women empowerment and participation in world trade. Undoubtedly, religion holds a lot of power when it comes to economic relations. Consumption traditions and customs Notably, consumption of international goods and services can harbor international trade between some countries. Important to say, there are some products to which specific countries consider restricted especially for highly religious nations such as India. Particularly, India has restricted the importation of counterfeited goods, plant produce which hinders international trade between potential exporters (Immihelp, 2018).Additionally, cultural goods inhibit international trade. In the sense that owing to the different cultural disparities among nations, some goods are only consumed within a countrys pounder or region. Cultural goods could be things like films, music expressions, antiques all emanating from a cultural oriented creativity (Eurostat, 2018). Solutions Regarding Language barriers, various solutions have been put forward by both machine and human beings. Thanks to the modern technology, there are translator machines. In addition, there are trained persons who offer translation services to foreigners hoping to do business in their different countries. This communication gap has created thousands and hundreds of translating employment opportunities all over the world. There are employment opportunities for the manufacturers of these translation gadgets and human employment for trainers of possible translators and translator themselves thus reducing the percentage of unemployed persons globally. The availability of translators and translating services has boosted understanding, trust and confidence at the international trade level (Brannen Et.al, 2014).Undoubtedly, this has promoted better communication and boosted understanding between and among foreign speaking countries thereby facilitating global trade. Largely, Chinese medical practices have made substantial contributions to the global medical field and the same cannot be undervalued. Cultural practices can be both harmful and productive. Regarding Chinese medical practices, some good has come out of it.Particularly, In the year 2012, Chinese traditional medicine sales were worth 83billion (USD).Further, it was estimated that Chinese herbal remedies and supplements value would be 115m US dollars by the year 2020(Rinaldi Shetty, 2015).The contribution of traditional medical practices to modern medical discoveries cannot go unnoticed thus the need to incorporate and develop research. There is a need for countries to implement policies that give women equal economic empowerment opportunities to boost their participation in international trade. Currently, women in few countries hold powerful, leadership or managerial roles (Gonzalez, 2015).There is need to avail managerial and leadership slots to women so as to encourage and ensure their participation of women in international business transactions. For cultures that limit women empowerment opportunities, there is a need for education and respective government policy implementation to eradicate the negative stereotyping and low opinion of women as human beings. Also, the abolishment of education, employment discriminatory laws in countries where women are undervalued would be a great start. Further, there should be equal employment promotion criteria for both genders to guarantee female participation in trade at local, national and international trade levels. Owing to Chinas massive economic contribution to the global market, it is imperative that foreign trading partners become knowledgeable of the massive and longstanding culture, diversity and business etiquette for a sustained and fruitful business relationship (Kermeliotos, 2011). Recommendations Owing to the different cultural aspects, there is need to establish a uniform office etiquette at the global business level. This will go a long way in facilitating smooth global business transactions and less managerial wrangles among transnationals. A uniformed office and business etiquette will boost confidence, trust, and teamwork among different transnationals thus boosting international trade. Further, there is need to establish a global formality address that is agreeable universal to avoid cultural misconceptions and disrespect to others (Hult International school of business, 2017). In addition, the concept of a formal address system is as important as the business itself. That is because a potential foreign investor might feel disrespected if not addressed in a given formal way thus the need for a unified approach to the formality of address. In addition, there is need to fully embrace the positive effects of the different cultural practices and institutions of the diverse countries of the world. Different cultures have different practices which are beneficial to that community and in the event that all these cultural practices such as traditional medical practices of many diverse countries will go a long way on revolutionizing the medical field. Also, each culture has a different but useful element which could make the world a better place. For Cultural goods, there should be more domestic promotion and marketing of the goods to attract foreign investment and foreign markets. Through domestic cultural goods, marketing and advertising on the international platform will foster global trade. Owing to the diversity of cultural goods among the various continents, there is bound to be market for cultural goods thus the platform to extend global trade. Simply put, culture plays a role in international business transactions relations. Conclusion China is among the largest world economies thus making its cultural practices, religion, medicine, consumption habits and customs relevant to international trade. With technological advances, language and other barriers are overcomed.Through translation services, women participation, formulation of an internationally approved uniform formal and business etiquette, cultural inhibitions can be used to boost international trade. The cultural aspects of China cannot be ignored owing to the fact that China is an economic powerhub.Theres is need to embrace culture as it impacts positively and negatively on global trade. References Brannen, Y.M., Piekkari, R., and Tietze, S. (2014).The Multifaceted Role of Language in International Business: Unpacking the Forms, Functions, and Features of a critical challenge to MNC Theory and Performance. Journal of International Business studies June 2014, Vol 45, Issue 5, pp 495-507https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jibs.2014.24. Eurostat (2018, 25,January).Culture Statistics-International Trade in Cultural Goods. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Culture_statistics_-_international_trade_in_cultural_goods Gonzalez, A. (2015).How can we Increase Womans participation in International Trade? Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/06/how-can-we-increase-womens-participation-in-international-trade/ Helbe, M. (n.d).On the Influence of World Religions on International Trade. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/2006-11.pdf Hult International Business School. (2017).How Cultural Difference impact International Business In 2017.Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.hult.edu/blog/cultural-differences-impact-international-business/ Immihelp. (2018).Prohibited and Restricted Goods to/From India. Retrieved 31 March 2018 from https://www.immihelp.com/travel-to-india/prohibited-restricted-goods.html Kahlor, A..Shahi, H, and Horri-S.M.(2014).Effect of Culture on International Trade: Case Study of Saffron Export. Indian. Sci.Res. 4 (6): 381-388, 2014 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267875278_1149165373Microsoft_Word_-_j_HN10110930491_1093_140512100836. Kermeliotis, T. (2011).Doing Business in China: Five tips for Success. Retrieved 31 Mar 2017 from https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/business/china-business-investors-culture/index.html Marshall, W. (2018).US Probe into Chinese Trade Practices will only harm American Businesses. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2108269/us-probe-chinese-trade-practices-will-only-harm-american Rinaldi, A., and Shetty, P. (2015).Traditional Medicine for modern Times: Facts and Figures. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.scidev.net/global/medicine/feature/traditional-medicine-modern-times-facts-figures.html Sawe, E, B.(2017).What Languages are spoken in China?. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-china.html Sheer, C.V. (n.d).Conflict Processes in Chinas International Export Trading: Impact of Chinese Culture and the Trading culture. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/3-Vivian-C.-Sheer.pdf Soo-Hoo, L.P. (2016).Exploring Culture Theory Globe in Cross-Cultural Communication in Asian Business Negotiations. Economic JournalsVol.6, No 7 https://econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/view/3173 Xiao-R,H.and Li-li ,H.(2011).The Factors of trade of Chinese Cultural good An Empirical Analysis based on Panel data. Retrieved 31 Mar 2018 from https://www.econ.core.hu/file/download/sebawsh/QU_RUXIAO.pdf

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to the play as a whole Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to the play as a whole Essay Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare he was, a world renowned play writer and a lot of his plays are still performed today he is best known for writing plays about life. For example Romeo and Juliet was a play written about the love between two people. He has also written comedies which at the time would have been both witty and humorous however todays audience may find it harder to find such things as are shown in the Tempest for example. We can assume that when Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet he was trying to capture the different human emotions possessed by each individual. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to the play as a whole specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The prologue is read to you at the start of the play it is an important part of the play because it outlines the story and what the audience can expect to see, A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life; the way this is read is significant, it helps build up intrigue in the play and therefore keeps the audience engaged in what there watching. It may have told the audience the ending but the way in which it does is important at the same time as making the audience wonder, it does also leave the audience wondering; what would bring them to do it? Why did they do it? These thoughts are what the prologue is trying to instil in the audience and it does it very effectively using a variety of means. It gives the audience some idea of the time this feud has been going on for, From ancient grudge to new mutiny, this suggests that it has been going on for a long time and the prologue continues to say that the death of these lovers will in some way effect this feud. The two houses are carefully put together, by creating such diverse characters on both sides of the two houses they are able to easily be distinguished and there are certainly no two characters the same, by choosing to do this Shakespeare has separated them further. In addition this helps the reader understand the characters and therefore aids them to identify with them, which is crucial because it makes any later performance easier to understand, i.e. why a character is behaving in a specific way. It is effective because it relates to the individual the one viewer, which is again what it is trying to do. It is trying to capture the individual watching making it a more personal and meaningful to the audience as a whole the characters continue to reveal themselves to the audience as the story progresses either through their actions or their attitude to the situations which are presented in front of them. Act 1 scene 1 begins with confusion the fight between the two houses is both pointless and extremely relevant, the prologue gives the reader a taster of the play it doesnt in fact explain why this feud has gone on as long as It has this is what the first act and scene do. Act 1 scene 1 develops characters in the play Benvolio trying to stop the fight Put up your swords, you know not what you do. As a to every peace keeper there has to be another side the aggressor Tybalt fits this stereotype. In this scene he is especially aggressive as he dismisses any attempt by Benvolio to stop the fight, showing this kind of aggression portrays Tybalt in the eyes of the audience as an aggressive character further helping the audience to understand the character and this is mimicked for other characters for this scene and indeed the play as a whole. Act 1 scene 1 also introduces the two main leaders this helps the audience better understand the characters. These two men Capulet and Montague are therefore the oldest fighters in this feud, the men seem both to be controlled by there wives when Lady Capulet suggests that her husband would be better of with a crutch it shoes the audience that she understands that this feud has lost its meaning. If it was a genuine war in her eyes then she would in theory be willing her husband on, the reasons she may have for not encouraging or backing him up are there is no clear reason why these two houses hate each other. A war with no meaning, they have been fighting for so long From ancient grudge, that she views it as a mother would view her child she would calm the rage illogical rage that Capulet has for Montague. The fact that these men are head of the two families shows the audience why this feud is still so intense if the older generation with the most power arent making an effort to reso lve it therefore the younger generation following there fathers example are going to continue this violence towards each other this is all extremely important as it starts the play off full of questions ready to be answered. .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .postImageUrl , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:hover , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:visited , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:active { border:0!important; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:active , .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817 .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6e1ac42363f9e00ea92fa297708a817:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Intense emotion in scene 3 of The Glass Menagerie EssayThere is a very clear definition between the good and the bad characters in Romeo and Juliet. Tybalt gives the impression that he is unnecessarily aggressive towards Romeo, in particular after he is seen at the Capulet party. There next meeting after the part is shown in act 3 scene 1 It is arguable that Romeo could be blamed for Tybalts aggressiveness, Boy, this shalt not excuse the injuries that thou hast done me. we know that Tybalt doesnt know about the marriage, and therefore this entire escapade is because Romeo was seen at the Capulet party. There is one line, which does two very important things, it builds Tybalts character and does in fact explain the reason through Tybalts eyes, which is a far more effective way of finding out how someone feels about another, What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. This is Tybalts character, a stereotype of him which doesnt change throughout, however it does continue to develop, Gentlemen, Tybalt uses this to talk to Mercutio and a group of Montagues. It is obvious that he isnt being nice but he is in fact being sarcastic and patronizing. The different relationships between the characters start to create a relationship structure in which you can see the feelings which the characters show, as with Romeo and Juliet the feeling is obviously love and in Act 3 Scene I it is accurately portrayed when Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt as his marriage to Juliet means that much to him that he is willing to go against his own beliefs. However as there is a clear definition between the good characters and the bad Romeo is just sticking to how a true gentleman would behave with dignity and honor. The love, which Romeo and Juliet have for each other, is unquestionable one unique thing about there love is that it became so intense so quickly after just splitting up with his girlfriend he nearly instantly forgets her and falls in love all over again. from their first meeting to the dramatic end the bond they have doesnt diminish even when Juliet hears of Tybalt murder she still welcomes her husband this over casts any doubt that the audience may have had about there love. The feud doesnt stop for them, they have to continue their usual life but with this love they both share with each other. Their relationship can be compared to that of Mercutio and Romeos again Mercutio is willing to fight for Romeo as he is bound by his marriage to Juliet. This display of so called parenting is not shown by Romeos father who seems to be more detached from Romeo and doesnt know much about him. The Capulet boys including Tybalt seem to be more aggressive than the Montagues from the beginning it is them who start the fight, look upon thy death. As well as starting the fights another example of how someone can behave in a fight is to keep the peace this can be construed from characters such as Benvolio. This man seems to be more level headed than the rest, he isnt bound down by love for a woman or hatred of a house. He is thinking only of himself and this way of living isnt admired by the majority of the men in both houses due to their own way of living and dealing with things being so contrasting to his views. Romeo is similar to Benvolio in Act 3 Scene 1 in his willingness to do the right thing and listen to what hes been told. He weighs the pros and cons of his decisions when for example he knew that getting involved with Juliet was dangerous to both his life and to the reputation of Juliet, but he knew his feelings for Juliet and he decided that they over ruled the pressu re he would get from characters such as Tybalt for example who would obviously be outraged by Romeo even trying to come into his life. .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .postImageUrl , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:hover , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:visited , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:active { border:0!important; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:active , .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5 .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue703a88580307241a1a7c6bbe9ecb4e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet EssayTybalts character was created in order to have one dominant aggressor. In the play you have Benvolio the peace maker, Romeo the romantic, Mercutio the true friend and Tybalt the villain. It does in fact have a lot of the characteristics of the stereotypical story. A typical example of how emotions cloud the judgment of characters in the play is when Romeo kills Tybalt after the death of Mercutio. With this in mind, the rest of the Act is largely built upon two wants and no way to make a compromise. The Capulets hate the Montagues however, neither side can give one good reason for this hatred all that we can gather is that anything that either side does annoys the other. Moreover, Tybalts hatred seems to be one sided and illogical, he demonstrates this by addressing nearly everybody in a characteristically stereotypical tone of voice i.e. aggressively this is shown obviously more to the Montagues to threaten them he speaks to them harshly. The reason that Act 3 scene 1 is so significant is because the two other acts dont have such peculiar things happening. The conversation leading up to the actual fight has many similarities with the first fight in act 1 scene 1 although this time Tybalts anger isnt just directed at Montagues but at a single being, Romeo. The character Mercutio is cleverly built up in act 3 scene 1 firstly he puts his views across Though art like one of these fellows that, when he enters the confines of a tavern, claps me his sword he shows in this that he can read people and he himself is quite serious and seems to take life seriously this is shows threw him getting quite defensive and resenting what others say about him he is also quick to pick up on people when there being hypocritical again from the previous quotation that was Mercutio answer to Benvolio willingness to retreat he is saying that Benvolio is a hypocrite and shouldnt be giving advice id hes not willing to follow it. Tybalt and Mercutio are very similar they both act aggressively. When Mercutio is killed he feels many things not only does he feel betrayed by Romeo but he also figures hes got nothing to loose and really brings out what he thinks about the feud going on between these two houses, A plague aboth your houses! he compares them to beasts basically he doesnt warrant the fighting, and he saw what Tybalt was thinking and the significant part of it is the curse he places on both the houses in doing this he is showing that the argument with Tybalt wasnt just because he was a Capulet but that Mercutio generally had a problem wit Tybalt for his attitude and his view on life which as we know is both shallow and narrow minded.

Learn English With These Basic Conversation Skills

Learn English With These Basic Conversation Skills If youre just starting to learn English, theres no better way to improve your speaking skills than with basic conversation exercises. These simple role-playing games will help you learn how to introduce yourself, how to ask for directions, and more. With practice, youll be able to understand others and begin to enjoy conversations in your new language.  Below are links to some essential exercises that will help you have basic English conversations. Getting Started All you need to begin are the basic conversation guides youll find below and a friend or classmate to practice with. Be patient with yourselves; English is not an easy language to learn, but you can do it. Begin with the first conversation in this list, then move on to the next when you feel comfortable doing so.  You can also use the key vocabulary provided at the end of each exercise to write and practice your own conversations. Asking and Answering Questions Learn how to ask and answer simple  questions in English with these articles. Key skills covered include basic questions, polite questions, asking permission, and providing personal information such as your name, address, and phone number. Introductions Learning how to introduce yourself and greet people both formally and informally are essential skills in any language, whether its your own or a new one youre studying. In these lessons, you learn how to say hello and goodbye, as well as vocabulary that you can use when meeting new people and making friends. Telling the Time and Using Numbers Even if youre just visiting an English-speaking country for a few days, knowing how to tell the time is important. This role-playing exercise teaches you the right phrases to ask a stranger what time it is. Youll also learn how to thank the person who helped you, plus key conversation words. And if youre going to tell time, youll also need to know how to express numbers in English. This article will help you out with all kinds of numbers, including weights, distance, decimals, and more. Finally, when expressing quantities, English uses either much or many, depending on whether the noun is countable or non-countable. Speaking on the Phone Phone calls can be challenging for people who dont speak English well. Improve your telephone skills with this exercise and vocabulary quiz. Learn how to make travel arrangements and how to make purchases over the phone, plus other important words. Best of all, youll use the conversation skills you learned in the other lessons here. Shopping for Clothing Everyone loves to go shopping for new clothes, especially if youre visiting a foreign country. In this exercise, you and your practice partner learn the basic vocabulary that youll use in a shop. Although this particular game is set in a clothing store, you can use these skills in any kind of store. Eating at a Restaurant After youre finished shopping, you might want to eat at a restaurant or go to a bar for a drink. In these dialogues, you learn how to order from a menu and how to ask questions about the food, whether youre by yourself or out with friends. Youll also find a quiz to help you improve your restaurant vocabulary. Traveling at the Airport Security at most major airports is very tight, so you should expect to speak English with many different people when youre traveling. By practicing this exercise, youll learn how to have basic conversations when you check in as well as when you go through security and customs.   Asking for Directions Its easy for anyone to lose their way when traveling, especially if you dont speak the language. Learn how to ask simple directions and how to understand what people tell you. This exercise gives you basic vocabulary plus tips for finding your way. Finally, youll want to know how to ask for a room at a hotel or motel once youve arrived at your destination. Going to the Doctor Nothing is worse than not feeling well and not knowing how to communicate with a doctor. These tips, vocabulary lists, and sample dialogues can help you practice making an appointment. Tips for English Teachers These basic English conversations can also be used in a classroom setting. Here are a few suggestions for using conversation lessons and role-playing activities: Ask students about their experiences in the situation featured in the dialogue. Solicit important phrases, grammar structures, and so on from the students and write them on the board.Introduce new vocabulary and key phrases to students.Pass out printed dialogue to students.Have each student take on a role and practice the dialogues in pairs. Students should take on both roles.Based on the dialogue, ask students to write out their own related conversations using key vocabulary.Have students practice their own dialogues to the point where they can  perform  short conversations  in front of the class.

Is Rhinocort OTC Different From Prescription Strength

Is Rhinocort OTC Different From Prescription Strength SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Rhinocort is a popular allergy medication, and it’s gone through several changes recently, which may leave you with some questions. Do you need a prescription to get Rhinocort, or is Rhinocort over the counter? Are there differences between prescription Rhinocort and Rhinocort OTC? How do you use Rhinocort? What should you know before taking it? Read on to get answers to all your Rhinocort questions. What Is Rhinocort? Rhinocort (also known as Rhinocort Aqua) is a nasal spray for people who suffer from allergies. The active ingredient in Rhinocort nasal spray is budesonide, which is a corticosteroid that helps prevent the release of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body. Rhinocort can help with both seasonal and year-round allergy symptoms such as a runny/stuffy nose, itchy eyes, sneezing, and a scratchy throat. There are versions of Rhinocort for both adults and children, and they should both provide about 24 hours of relief from allergy symptoms each time they are used. Can You Get Rhinocort Nasal Spray Over the Counter? Fortunately, you don’t need a prescription from your doctor to use Rhinocort; you can now get Rhinocort OTC. Rhinocort nasal spray used to only be available with a prescription, but in 2015 the FDA approved a version of Rhinocort for over-the-counter use. The OTC version of Rhinocort is technically known as Rhinocort Allergy, but it has the same active ingredients and strength as the prescription version of Rhinocort. The FDA tested Rhinocort OTC extensively to make sure it is just as effective as the prescription version was. Now that Rhinocort Allergy is available OTC, brand-name Rhinocort is no longer available with a prescription. However, you can still get generic budesonide nasal spray with a prescription (the generic version isn’t available over-the-counter). Since Rhinocort is now available over-the-counter, it’s also much easier to get it since you can just stop by a nearby store without needing to see a doctor to get a prescription first. However, OTC Rhinocort may now be more expensive now than it was when you needed a prescription, especially if you have good health insurance with low prescription deductibles. A bottle of Rhinocort OTC (with 120 sprays) will usually cost between $15 and $25. So, if your deductible for prescriptions was, say $10, you'll actually be paying more for Rhinocort now that it's over the counter Rhinocort Allergy is the third steroid nasal spray to go from being prescription-only to being available over-the-counter. The other two are Nasacort Allergy and Flonase Allergy Relief. Common Rhinocort Side Effects and Drug Interactions Rhinocort OTC is generally safe to take, but there are some important side effects and drug interactions you should be aware of. Talk to your doctor if you experience any serious side effects or if you’re taking a drug Rhinocort has a history of interacting with. More Common Rhinocort Side Effects Bloody nose Dry or sore throat Fever Cough Difficulty swallowing Tightness in chest In rare cases, Rhinocort can cause a serious allergic reaction. Contact your doctor or 911 immediately if your face/tongue/lips begin to swell or you have trouble breathing or swallowing. Rhinocort Nasal Spray Interactions Below are three of the most common interactions Rhinocort OTC can have with other medications. If you’re taking any of these, talk to your doctor before taking Rhinocort. Corticosteroids: Taking corticosteroids with Rhinocort can cause your corticosteroid medication to become ineffective and/or cause your body to not process the corticosteroid properly. This can cause the corticosteroid to build up to dangerous levels in your body. Dexamethasone: If you are taking dexamethasone (another anti-inflammatory drug) with lopinavir or telaprevir, Rhinocort can cause levels of lopinavir and telaprevir in your body to drop, making the dexamethasone drug not work as well. Radioactive iodide: Rhinocort can interact with radioactive iodide (usually taken for thyroid problems or thyroid cancer) and cause it to be less effective. You should also talk to your doctor before using Rhinocort if you’re pregnant, nursing, have eye problems such as glaucoma or cataracts, have a weakened immune system, and/or have recently had nose surgery or a nose infection. How Should You Take Rhinocort? Below are all the steps you need to take to use Rhinocort nasal spray properly. You can also find most of this information on the side of each Rhinocort OTC bottle. Before using Rhinocort, blow your nose and gently shake the bottle. Then, remove the plastic cap on the bottle, and close one nostril by pressing it with your finger. Tilt your head forward slightly, and insert the tip of the Rhinocort OTC bottle into your open nostril (keep the bottle upright). Push down on the pump once or twice depending on how many sprays of Rhinocort you want. Most people begin with one spray per nostril and increase it to two if they need a higher dose. After spraying, remove the applicator tip from your nostril and tilt your head back for several seconds for the spray to reach the back of your nose. Repeat with your other nostril. After you’re finished using Rhinocort nasal spray, wipe the applicator and replace the cap. Don’t blow your nose for at least 15 minutes after using Rhinocort. Conclusion: Rhinocort OTC Rhinocort is a nasal spray used by people who suffer from seasonal and year-round allergies. It helps reduce inflammation in the body which can prevent symptoms like a runny nose, itchy eyes, and congestion. Is Rhinocort over the counter? You used to only be able to get Rhinocort with a prescription, but in 2015, the FDA changed its regulations so that Rhinocort is now available over the counter. Rhinocort OTC has the same ingredients and effectiveness as the prescription version of Rhinocort. Rhinocort is generally safe to use, but it can have side effects such as a bloody nose, sore throat, and fever. To take Rhinocort, insert the applicator into one nostril, spray it one to two times, and repeat with the other nostril. Don’t blow your nose for at least 15 minutes after using Rhinocort.

Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory - Research Paper Example The tolerance of others’ viewpoints and open attitude towards change along with having the scientific bent of mind are the concepts of basic philosophy for REBT theory. The aim of this motivation is to make people live happily while they are with others or in intimate relationships. The motivation provides an opportunity for people to strive towards happiness, while learning, working or enjoying. The â€Å"ABC† constructs of this theory refers to some event that happens to people, called as ‘Antecedent’, People’s thoughts with reference to such happenings, reflecting what happened in the event, which refers to ‘Belief’ and the ‘consequence’ of individual thought process or belief. This reflects behavior of people and their emotions, resulting from such thoughts. There is no particular theory as each individual is influenced by certain hereditary beliefs, which lead to thinking or acting irrationally and reacting emotionally. The environment that involves parents, teachers, peers and siblings are some of such influences. REBT relates to dysfunctions, which include any person’s irrational belief system generated from an experience, leading to undesirable situations and consequences. The concept of psychological health relates to the defeat of this human natural tendency, while preparing the individual for relying on rational beliefs, using the principal of unconditional acceptance. This theory teaches about balancing the social interest with self-interest, required for healthy living philosophy. (Jorn 2009) Albert Ellis is the founder of this theory, who presented it in 1950s to enhance the techniques of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, while fully addressing the relation between cognition and emotional disturbance. Developing the ABCDE model of this theory in relation to emotional disturbance, Ellis discovered the core irrational beliefs, which included demand for comfort, approval in love matters as well as demand

Kudler Fine Foods Too Fresh to Go Product Launch Essay

Kudler Fine Foods Too Fresh to Go Product Launch - Essay Example Kudler Fine Foods is an establishment that offers a variety of fresh food products. The grocer is a specialty food store that offers bakery and pastry products, fresh produce, fresh meat and seafood, condiments and packaged food, and cheese and specialty dairy products. The company offers a variety of food products which are used in the context of gourmet cooking. There is a need for the company to offer other types of food products which are more conducive to a customer who doesn’t have the time to cook the gourmet meal. By introducing a new line of prepared fresh meals, the customer can take home the meal to eat it for dinner that night or at another point during the week. Too Fresh to Go meals will encompass the spirit of Kudler Fine Foods while providing a healthy, time-saving alternative for current customers. Too Fresh to Go will be positioned in the front of the store for convenience and will include everything a customer needs for a meal, including the appropriate pack aging should the dish need to be warmed up to serve. These meals will be balanced, low-fat, and of the highest quality. For instance, a freshly prepared chicken dish, complimented by a leaf lettuce salad and couscous is one of the offerings. These offering will range from various meat and fish dishes to vegetarian meals. This new product line can help the company achieve sales growth and profitability by leveraging the existing product base and customer target market. From a foreign perspective, Too Fresh to Go can attract customers into the store for a fresh alternative for to-go food. Kudler Fine Foods and the introduction of Too Fresh to Go is a natural extension of the gourmet grocery store’s current product offerings. Kudler will also add to a customer’s convenience factor as well as appeal to those customers who may be hesitant to shop at a gourmet store if he or she is not a gourmet cook. These meals will fill a niche in the market whereby more working families are looking for healthy alternatives throughout the week to feed their families and do not want to turn to fast food. Whereas there are a variety of food preparation companies and local delivery companies, the pricing of these products prices them out of the market for some families. By extended this product offering at the grocery store, Kudler already has their target audience that would benefit from this type of product. In addition, Kudler already offers wine tasting classes and this product offering goes hand-in-hand with the nature of excellent customer service Kudler provides. Product positioning From a positioning perspective, the launch of Too Fresh to Go will be placed in the front of the store to add convenience to shoppers who do not have the time, as one of the key concepts of Too Fresh to Go is for working families who simply do not have the time to cook a gourmet meal each night. This section will be small at first in both locations, domestic and foreign, and will fea ture samples and a customer service specialist to answer any questions, nutritional and otherwise. The packaging will be bright and vibrant, but most importantly, this packaging will be able to be placed in the

Modern Age Essay Example for Free

Modern Age Essay Our world is constantly changing and some say that its better, but some say that it is worse. A famous author, Lynn White Jr. is saying that since the modern age we have had an ecological crisis that is slowly worsening every year. Another author, Immanuel Wallerstein, is saying that our world economy is actually doing well since the modern age and that it is better than in the past. Janet Abu-Lughod is a famous author who disagrees with a lot of what Wallerstein says but agrees that our economy is doing better than the past. Lynda Norene Shafer is another author who tells us that the past did a lot of good for us, especially Southern India and China. All these authors have much to say but they are too focused on one part of their arguments. Immanuel Wallerstein is one author who makes a good argument and approach towards the modern age. He approaches the modern age by stating many facts and explaining as to what he believes our world system should be like. He states that since the sixteenth century, we have always had capitalist economies and world economies. Wallerstein believes that our economy has many political units inside that loosely tie together the system. He believes that we should have an economy that is bounded by one big political structure that is unitary. Wallerstein disagrees with people thinking towards what capitalism is. He says, â€Å"Capitalism is not the mere existence of persons or firms producing for sale on the market with the intention of obtaining a profit† (1-2). Wallerstein is telling us that man has been producing many things with the sole purpose of making a profit on those things. He totally disagrees with this statement as being a definition for capitalism since he believes that it is not true. Wallerstein also states the correlation between world economies and capitalist economies. He is telling us that, â€Å"Conversely, a capitalist economy cannot exist within a framework except that of a world economy† (2). What Wallerstein is saying to us is that world economies and capitalist economies go very well together. He says this because world economies are lacking a big, overall, unifying political structure that capitalism actually has. Finally, Wallerstein tells us that world systems before this modern one have always failed because of that lacking capitalistic structure. He says that, â€Å"What unifies the structure [world economy] most is the diversion of labor which is constituted within it† (1). Wallerstein says that the world systems never survived in the past, but only now because of the installment of capitalism in it. Overall, Wallerstein brings up many good points, but he is too focused on Europe and their responsibility on interconnecting world systems. Another author, Lynn White Jr. brings up many good points, but just as Wallerstein, is too Eurocentric. Lynn White Jr. is another great author who approaches the modern age. He brings up ecology and its relationship with religion in the modern age. He brings up a very strong point as to global warming and a big ecological crisis would happen if we do not change or adjust our main religion. White Jr. believes that Christianity has led to a scientific revolution. What he also states which is very important, is that it is extremely crucial for us to adjust or completely change Christianity. White Jr. believes that Christianity has led our ecology to such a crisis that it is already extremely difficult to help or even undo. Something very important that he says is, â€Å"More science and more technology are not going to get us out of the present ecological crisis until we find a new religion or rethink an old one† (11). He is suggesting that Christianity has been doing what it wants for the past centuries that it made our ecology terrible enough to put it in a crisis. White Jr. also says that â€Å"For nearly two millennia Christian missionaries have been chopping down sacred groves, which are idolatrous because they assume spirit in nature† (11). This quote is very vital to interpret because it tells us all about what Lynn White Jr. is arguing about. He is saying that for the past 2,000 years, Christian persons do as they wish, but no one has even made a good attempt to stop them. He is also putting Europe responsible for the crisis that they have caused because Christianity starts in Europe. Since no one has changed the ecological crisis that we have continuously, he says, â€Å"Hence we shall continue to having a worsening ecological crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that nature has no reason for existence save to serve man† (11). Lynn White Jr. is telling us that since no one is succeeding to stop Christianity from further worsening our crisis, we will fail in the future. We also have two  female authors, Janet Abu-Lughod, and Lynda Norene Shafer, who explain Southernization and the Rise of the West. Although many are familiar with the term Westernization, one might know that many centuries before, there has been what is called Southernization. Lynda Norene Shafer informs us of Southernization. She tells us that it basically means that there were many advances in southern parts of China and India. Southernization focused on advancements such as math and gold and most of these advancements come from India. Southernization also focused on trades when cotton was first domesticated. This allowed many trades to open up where Indians could trade cotton clothing. One said that India had â€Å"clothed the world† (13). Another author, Janet Abu-Lughod talks about world systems and a little on the rise of the west. She actually disagrees with Wallerstein. She believes that there have actually been world systems a long time before the start of the European hegemony. While Europe was as one might say, only a new start to an old life, there have been many agricultural exchanges such as crafts. Lughod believes that this was a global-made world system that took time before and during the thirteenth century. She says that world systems â€Å"Increased economic integration and cultural effervescence† (7). This disagrees with Wallerstein also because he thought the exact opposite. In conclusion, all these important authors say much but one might say not enough. Wallerstein and White Jr. are too Eurocentric. Abu-Lughod is very focused on world systems and not enough on the Rise of the West. One might say that although these authors make good points, they should also talk about how their argument affects other parts of the world or even counter their argument. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=,o=0;o e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return studymoose.com},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf(http)==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Fuzzy Systems Essay -- Fuzzy Logic Artificial Intelligence AI

Preface This article is written for an intended audience of undergraduate or graduate students, this article provides an introduction to, and an overview of what fuzzy systems are. Presented in this article is an acknowledgment of the contributions that fuzzy systems are making to the Artificial Intelligence discipline, as well as examples of fuzzy systems which are in use today. Abstract The concept and implementation of fuzzy systems is part of the natural course of evolution for humans who are a part of a society where access to information is plentiful but efficient utilization of massive amounts of information is power. To get at the information, we need systems which can understand what we need, rather than for us to understand what information we can ask for. This paper examines how fuzzy systems are not a new concept, but rather an old concept that is a natural part of the evolution of the human race. As society continues to evolve, the implementation and utilization of fuzzy systems will also continue to evolve. Introduction Using the following dictionary[2] definitions provided for the terms "Fuzzy" and "Systems", Fuzzy is defined as "Not clearly worked out; confused" and Systems can be defined as "A set of objects or phenomena grouped together for classification or analysis." A natural question would be, why do we want a confused system that groups together things for analysis? This is an abuse of the literal definition for fuzzy systems. Fuzzy systems can be more correctly defined as a set of objects or phenomena that have been grouped together in a fuzzy way. This type of grouping allows the computers to make judgments and considerations which are considered closer, in response, to the way that humans o... ...re information than previously thought possible and make analysis recommendations. Humans have a fascination for tools which make their lives easier, and fuzzy systems are such a tool. This allows humans more time to continue using the one thing that computers have yet to come us with, the human imagination. References 1. Edwin B. Dean, "Fuzzy Systems from the Perspective of Competitive Advantage", NASA, May 28, 1997 2. "The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition", Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1985 3. James F. Brule', "Fuzzy Systems" - A Tutorial 4. Toshiro Terano, Kiyoji Asai, Michio Sugeno, "Fuzzy Systems Theory and Its Applications", 1992, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-685245-6 5. "Isn't "fuzzy logic" an inherent contradiction?", April 15, 1993, Only two paragraphs, but contains a good example for the value of fuzzy logic.

Pmp Application Sample

PMP Application Work Experience Please enter the number of hours spent on each of these tasks for each project. Please enter a value between 0 and 9999. Hours must be entered in quarter hour increments. 1 Initiating Process Conduct project selection methods to evaluate the feasibility of new products or services Identify key stakeholders and perform analysis to gain buy-in and requirements for the success of the project. Define the scope of the project based on the organization need to meet the customer project expectations. 0. 00 Develop the project charter and review it with key stakeholders to confirm project scope, risks, issues, assumptions and constraints as well as obtain project charter approval from the project sponsor. Identify and document high level risks, assumptions and constraints using historical data and expert judgment. 128. 00 2 Planning Process Identify key project team members and define roles and responsibilities to create a project organization structure to dev elop a communication plan.Create the work breakdown structure with the team to develop the cost, schedule, resource, quality and procurement plans. Identify project risks to define risk strategies and develop the risk management plan. Obtain project plan approval from the customer and conduct a kick off meeting with all key stakeholders. Define and record detail project requirements, constraints and assumptions with the stakeholders to establish the project deliverables. Develop the change management plan to define how changes will be handled to manage the triple constraints. 36. 00 3 Executing Process Manage proactively the resource allocation by ensuring that appropriate resources and tools are assigned to the tasks according to the project plan. Execute the tasks defined in the project plan in order to achieve the project goals. Ensure a common understanding and set expectations through communication to align the stakeholders and team members. Hours 8. 00 Hours Hours Required 450 0 Hours Hours Hours Hours 8. 00 40. 00 40. 00 40. 00 40. 00 40. 00 0. 00 128. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 8. 00 8. 00 40. 00 40. 00 8. 0 40. 00 40. 00 8. 00 40. 00 40. 00 0. 00 136. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 40. 00 20. 00 40. 00 20. 00 8. 00 8. 00 Improve team performance by building team cohesiveness, leading, mentoring, training, and motivating in order to facilitate cooperation, ensure project efficiency and boost morale. Implement a quality management plan to ensure that work is being performed according to required quality standards. Implement approved changes according to the Change Management Plan. Obtain project resources in accordance with a procurement plan.Implement the approved actions and workarounds required to minimize the impact of project risks. 92. 00 4 Monitoring and Controlling Measure project performance using appropriate tools and techniques. Verify and manage changes to the project scope, project schedule and project costs as defined in the change management plan. Monitor the status of all identified risks, identify any new risks, take corrective actions and update the risk response plan. Ensure the project deliverables conform to quality standards established in the project quality plan. 0. 00 5 Closing Process Formalize and obtain final acceptance for the project. Identify, document and communicate lessons learned. Archive and retain project records, historical information and documents (e. g. , project schedule, project plan, lessons learned, surveys, risk and issues logs, etc. ) in order to retain organizational knowledge, comply with statutory requirements, and ensure availability of data for potential use in future projects and internal/external audits. Obtain financial, legal and administrative project closure (e. . , final payments, warranties, contract signoff). 8. 00 8. 00 16. 00 16. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 92. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 16. 00 40. 00 16. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0 . 00 8. 00 16. 00 16. 00 0. 00 0. 00 8. 00 Release all project resources and provide performance feedback. Create and distribute final project report. Measure customer satisfaction at the end of the project. 64. 00 64. 00 64. 00 856. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 8. 00 0. 00 40. 00 40. 00 0. 00 856. 00

Early to Bed

Early to Bed April 17th 2013 Section 1 It’s not unusual you can hear the floorboards creak, the toilet flush, and the sound of the first one shoe drop to the floor from your neighbor at 1 a. m. in your apartment, and you may be one of them. Nowadays many people stay up late, especially for those people who have variable sleep schedules, such as university students. University students usually change their sleep schedules due to studying, working for a living, or working for social networking (e. g. alcohol and caffeine consumption). Staying up late usually leads to insufficient sleep, and this situation is prevalent among university students. According to a survey done by Leon C. Lack Ph. D. in the journal â€Å"Delayed Sleep and Sleep Loss in University Students†, â€Å"A sample of 211 university first-year psychology students†¦ accounted for about 50% of the total enrollment in the course†¦ about 50% of the sample complained of insufficient sleep and estima ted needing about half an hour more sleep on the average to feel rested. (Lakc, 2010) Moreover, the author also realized the linkage between staying up late and the insufficient sleep, â€Å"Delayed sleep pattern presumably arises from a delay in their endogenous biological rhythms that creates difficulty in falling asleep early enough to get sufficient sleep before necessary weekday morning awakening. † (Lakc, 2010) Both delayed sleep and insufficient sleep can cause serious healthy issues, and also affect one’s working productivity. Based on the Journal named â€Å"Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior† by Ronald E Dahl, M. D. â€Å"There is mounting evidence that sleep deprivation has its greatest negative effects on the control of behavior, emotion, and attention†¦ the most obvious direct health consequences of insufficient sleep are high-risk behaviors associated with substance abuse and automobile accidents. † (Dahl, 2002) Delayed sleep may harass one’s circadian rhythm, and further lead to delayed sleep phase disorder. Insufficient sleep may cause emotional fluctuation, which further affect your social networking relationships since being tired usually means being grumpy. Students usually think that they are more productive at night, owever the truth is opposite. Humans aren’t used to saying up late, in the optimal situation, based on an article from CNN Health, â€Å"we rise in the morning and after about 16 hours of wakefulness we are sleepy and we go to bed and sleep for eight hours† (Shives, 2010) Staying up simply means we use our brains so intensively even when our brains are ready for a rest. During the weekdays, delayed sleep and insufficient sleep make us feel tired in the daytime, and it is difficult for students to be concentrated in classes, then further affect students’ academic performances.The benefits of sleeping early are obvious. Going to bed early helps us maintain the order of circadian rhythm and ensures the quality of sleep at night. Based on Dahl’s journal, â€Å"Sleep appears to be particularly important during periods of brain maturation. † (Dahl, 2002) Sleeping is the process of restoring our brain, we would be more productive, concentrated, and confident in our work during daytime. Sleeping early means we can have more time in the morning. Changing and maintain sleep schedule is a continuous process. It is impossible to accomplish all the changes overnight.In order to successfully switch sleep schedule to optimal situation, we should be aware the healthy issues derived from delayed sleep, identify a target behavior with a personal research, set achievable and incremental goals as time goes by, and finally reward your success. Section 2 As a junior-year university student at business school, both my academic and personal life have been busy, being productive is one of the major factors that let me survive. I o ften stayed up late to get work done since I thought sacrificing sleep created more time for work, and then I could keep abreast of my schedule.However, things just went contrary to my wishes. First of all, staying up shorted my sleep time, which led to insufficient sleep time. Then I had to use coffee to fight for fatigue and tiredness, but my productivity still kept low during classes. In order to catch up what I left during the classes, I had to spend more time to study outside. After I finished all my homework, it was usually around 1 a. m. , but the drag effect of caffeine kept me waking up at that time. My daily life was a vicious spiral and I found my body reactions slowed down physically and mentally, my motion was under the weather and even affected the relationship with my girlfriend. Therefore, the main reason I’ve chosen to sleep early is increasing my productivity and getting rid of fatigue and tiredness without caffeine. In order to optimize my sleep schedule, I organized a three-stage target schedule: The first stage (3/30 to 4/15), I went to bed at 12:00 a. m. and woke up as usual; the second stage (4/15 to 4/30), I went to bed at 12:00 a. m. and woke up half an hour early as usual; the third stage (After 4/30), I went to bed at 11:00 p. m. and woke up one hour early.Half a month has passed, even though I am in the second stage, but I do have some progresses that benefit for my daily life. Setting a fixed time to go to bed forces me to manage my time more effectively. Most importantly, sleeping early gives me more energy in daytime, and now I can keep my brain working without caffeine even I wake up half an hour early than before. My productivity is improving, and the biggest change is I can keep myself on the same page with professor in lectures simply because I have enough energy to think more and interact mentally.Nevertheless, things won’t change overnight, and I do encounter some difficulties during my behavior changing. So f ar, the biggest challenge has been my habit of staying up in my sub-consciousness. During weekdays, as long as my schedule gets crowded, I will have the intent to delay sleep time out of habit even those tasks are not urgent; in weekends, parties are attractive for me and most of them last until late night. Be honest, I did not meet my short-term goal three times so far. Reaching my ultimate goal is not easy, and I am implementing some strategies hopefully to keep myself on the right track.First of all, I believe separating my plan into three short-term stages makes my plan as a continuous improvement that is easier to accomplish and encourages me to proceed; second, finding a change agent is important. My girlfriend is my change agent, and she has helped me to act with the criteria I set closely. One advantage of choosing my girlfriend as the agent is I have to listen to her order because I do not want to piss her off. Even though I’ve not reached my ultimate goal yet, some potential long-term benefits can be observed.First and foremost, I will be more productive in my academic performance. Sleeping early provides my body an optimal circadian rhythm which gives me a high quality and sufficient sleep at night. Consequently, I will have abundant of energy to handle my busy university life. Moreover, sufficient energy will enable me to balance my academic life and personal life more reasonably, and then I will have a great passion to maintain my private relationship with my girlfriend and my social networking.Last but not least, sufficient sleep will give me a healthy life that will be the upmost foundation for my body health in my future life. Section 3 By reviewing my journal entries for the past half a month, in sum, I did follow my stage short-term target in weekdays. Meeting the short-term target in each stage is easier in weekdays because my class schedule is relatively fixed. Nevertheless, meeting the target in weekends has been the difficult part. As I mentioned in the last section, attending parties held in weekends last late made me out of my planned track.Moreover, since I was used to stay up late for a long time, sometimes I still consider staying up is a way to relax myself. As for the change of emotional process, at the very beginning, I even felt anxious when I went to bed without completing my tasks as usual, and this emotion hindered me to fall asleep. Fortunately, as I reorganized my tasks priority corresponding to my early to bed plan, and that anxious emotion has no longer been a problem. Below is a snapshot of my tracking chart.Cells with yellow filling indicate weekend days, and times in red font indicate failing fulfillments. Works Cited Lakc, L. C. (2010). Delayed Sleep and Sleep Loss in University Students. Journal of American College Health , 105. Dahl, R. E. (2002). Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Hleath , 10-11. Shives, L. (2010, 11 30). Get Some Sleep: A re you a night owl? Here's why. Retrieved 4 17, 2013, from CNN Health: http://thechart. blogs. cnn. com/2010/11/30/get-some-sleep-night-owl-its-a-real-condition/

French Expressions Using Monter

French Expressions Using Monter The French verb monter literally means to go up and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to be promoted, rise gently, turn up the volume, and more with this list of expressions with monter. Possible Meanings of Monter to go upto assembleto climb up/intoto editto mountto organize, set upto put upto riseto stageto take upto turn upto well up Expressions with Monter monter to go up to visit / work in (a city)monter bicycletteto cycle up; to ride a bikemonter bord (dun navire)to go on board a shipmonter chevalto get on a horse; to ride a horsemonter / jusquto come up tomonter /dans sa chambreto go up to ones roommonter là ©tageto go upstairsmonter piedto walk upmonter aux arbresto climb treesmonter dans lestime de quelquunto rise in someones estimationmonter dans un avionto board a planemonter dans un trainto board a trainmonter des maillesto cast on stitchesmonter en courantto run upmonter en flà ¨cheto soar (literally and figuratively)monter en gradeto be promotedmonter en lacetsto wind upwardsmonter en parallà ¨leto connect in parallelmonter en pente douceto rise gentlymonter en sà ©rieto connect in seriesmonter en titubantto stagger upmonter en trainto go up by trainmonter en voitureto drive up; to get into a carmonter le bourrichon quelquun (informal)to put ideas in someones headmonter le coup quelquun (fam)to take someone for a ridemonter lescalierto go up the stairsmonter la gamme (music)to go up the scalemonter la gardeto go/be on guardmonter le sonto turn the volume upmonter la tà ªte quelquunto get someone worked upmonter par lascenseurto take the elevator upmonter prà ©venir quelquunto go up and tell someonemonter quelque chose en à ©pingleto blow something all out of proportionmonter quelquun contre quelquunto set someone against someonemonter voir quelquunto go up and see someonemonter surto climb up onmonter sur le trà ´neto ascend to the thronemonter sur un arbreto climb a treemonter sur une bicycletteto get on a bicyclemonter sur une collineto climb a hillmonter sur une à ©chelleto climb a laddermonter un chevalto ride a horsemonter une cà ´teto go up a hillmonter un coupto plan a jobmonter une histoire pour dà ©shonorer quelquunto invent a scandal to ruin someones nameÇa fait monter les prix. It makes prices go up.Cest lartiste qui monte.Hes an up-and-coming artist.Cest lhomme qui monte.Hes on the way up (to fame).Cest une histoire montà ©e de toutes pià ¨ces.Its a complete fabrication.à ªtre montà © contreto be dead set againstfaire monter des blancs en neigeto beat egg whites into stiff peaksfaire monter quelquunto tell someone (e.g., a guest) to come upfaire monter ses valisesto have ones luggage taken upJe monte la garde (sign)Beware of dogLa moutarde me monte au nez.Im losing my temper.se monterto come to, amount tose monter le bourrichon (informal)to get all worked upse monter la tà ªte (pour un rien)to get all worked up (over nothing)Monter conjugations

The Negative Prefix il-

The Negative Prefix il- The Negative Prefix il- The Negative Prefix il- By Maeve Maddox From a reader commenting on the illegal alien post: I used to hear from my history teacher in high school that the word illegal isnt actually a word. I never followed up on that notion, but I suppose from popular usage, illegal has become legitimized. Do you have any etymological info on that? The word illegal with the sense of â€Å"not legal or lawful† has been in English since 1626. Similar words existed in Middle English and French as early as the fourteenth century. The expression illegal immigrant dates from 1939 during the British mandate in Palestine. The term was applied to Jews who entered Palestine without authorization. The word illegal derives ultimately from Latin: legalis â€Å"legal† with the negative prefix in-. The n of the prefix assimilates to l in words that begin with l: illegal: not legal or lawful illegible: not legible; incapable of being read illegitimate: not recognized by law as lawful offspring; not rightly deduced; departing from the expected illiberal: not liberal; not generous; not broad-minded illicit: not permitted; not allowed illimitable: not capable of being limited or bounded illiterate: unable to read or write illogical: not logical; contrary to logic Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About Hands30 Baseball IdiomsKn- Words in English

A part of case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A part of case report - Essay Example It proceeded to establish a close relationship with the different game developers with it as the dominant partner. Nintendo controlled the operating system; issued licenses to game developers and producers of games software, and; controlled the manufacture and distribution of game cartridges and imposed royalty. The result was that it raked in most of the potential profit of the whole system although consumer value originally lay in the software (Grant 1104-1105). With the recent release of Nintendo’s latest video game console, the Wii, it was able to maintain its contending position in the industry through the use of reverse positioning strategy, taking advantage, in effect of the rush to outdo competitors through the use of newest state-of-the-art micro-components. This strategy took into consideration the disruptive forces brought about by new technology that changed the video game console industry value driver of profitability: as newer, cutting-edge game console microchips were invented, older ones became passà © and their prices rapidly dropped. Nintendo took an opposing approach by using instead older chips to minimize production costs. The result allows the company to sell at a much lower price per unit than its main competitors and higher profitability return for each of the Wii sold. On the other hand, its competitors Sony (for PS3) and Microsoft (for Xbox 360) which tried to outdo each other by using state-of-the-art chips both lost money (Afuah 215). The success of the Wii launch is underpinned by the bargaining power of buyers that is naturally inclined to lower-priced products which also offer competitive quality. With the launch of the Microsoft Xbox 360 in late 2005, the Nintendo Wii in late 2006 and the Sony PS3 in early 2007, it is evident that a perceptible change in the competitive dynamics of the industry is taking shape. In the past, the winner-take-all characteristic of the video game industry had been shown with the domination of

Thought questions 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thought questions 3 - Coursework Example The idea of portraying a witch as an old, poor and female was the idea of the Christians to portray the witches as a bad example. They even went to the extreme of portraying them as wrinkled, rugged, and bed-ridden individuals. The idea was to make people dislike the witches as they were portrayed as evil people. In actual sense, witches were of varying ages, and there were young witches who were not poor. Both males and females engaged witchcraft so the portrayal of witches as always being old, poor, and female was inaccurate. Massive outbreak in witch-hunt broke out during the 16th century. During this period, the Christians were undergoing a very important historic reformation known as the Protestant Reformation. Christians had previously hunted witches, but the Reformation seems to have contributed to the mind attribute that placed the devil in a manageable perspective. The reformation had somehow managed to create a link and a perception to relate witchcraft and the devil, which justified the execution of witches. Eighty percent of witch-hunt victims were women most of whom were single. They were also between ages 45 years and 65 years. Most of them were at the bottom in the social status, nearly 80 percent. Most of them were disliked, quarrelsome and poor. Initially, witches were tried using the accusatory justice where they were presumed guilty until proved otherwise. The Christians latter popularized another system, inquisitorial type of justice where the defendant was innocent until proved otherwise. This method required that the one convicted of witchcraft give a confession. This was latter altered, and torture was included to obtain a confession from the accused witches. Free and voluntary confession by the suspected person of the crime made, examination and subsequent accusations were a ground of conviction. Another criterion was the affirmation of two credible persons under oath that they had witnessed the accused doing

Criminal Justice Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Trends - Research Paper Example The paper will finally discuss the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. In many societies today, people heavily depend on policing within their communities as more and more human beings want to feel safe around their communities and the world at large. The changes in the criminal justice system can be seen by looking at how cautious people are becoming towards crime (Sunga, 1997). For example, many years back, the rates of crimes reported by many police departments were very low. Surveys show that people felt safer and would even walk in and out of their homes at night without feeling threatened. However, these trends have changed and the rates of crimes have been reported to have gone up significantly (Walker, 1980). These changes are reflected in the criminal justice system. As the rate of crime increases, the criminal justice system has had to adjust so as to deal with the increase (Fuller, 2005). The criminal justice system generally refers to a collection of local, state or federal public agencies that are instituted to deal with the problem of crime. The criminal justice system is made up of three important components: the police, corrections and the courts. These three components work together to ensure that crimes are deterred or prevented through the apprehension, trial and punishment of criminal offenders (Walker, 1980). This means that the criminal justice system is made up of a legislative branch which is responsible for the creation of laws, adjudication which comprises of the courts of law and the corrections branch which comprises of parole, probation, prisons and jails (Fuller, 2005). The police are contained in police departments which are public agencies charged with the responsibility of maintaining order and enforcing the criminal law. Police officers operate within communities so as to control and prevent crime. The courts on the other hand are tribunals where people who have been accused of criminal offenses have the ir cases listened to and determined by judges or juries. Correction facilities comprise of jails, parole, prisons and probation which are meant to rehabilitate or punish criminal offenders so as to ensure public safety. These components of the criminal justice system have been undergoing several changes over the years (Sunga, 1997). It is important to note that as society evolves, so does the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has been in constant evolution so as to keep up with the priorities of societies (Walker, 1980). As society changes and advances, the criminal justice system has had to be altered so as to keep up with the societal changes and advances by protecting and serving the unique needs of the changing society (Fuller, 2005). As society becomes more and more aware about human rights and the importance of fairness, justice and equality regardless of race or gender, the criminal justice system has had to change so as to adapt to these societal demands ( Sunga, 1997). A review of the recent trends that affect the criminal justice system shows that the criminal justice system has been changing in many areas such as in racial and gender issues. These include statuses of women, gender discrimination, racial discrimination and minorities in society (Walker, 1980). A good example that can be used to illustrate the changing trends is seen in the police departments. For example, in the past, there have been a lot of obstacles

U.S. automobile industry.

U.S. automobile industry. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Car is great invention of human development. After more than two centuries of development and innovation, automotive products remain irreplaceable in the transportation. Automobile industry is always one of the most important industries of each country and the world in general. The U.S. automobile industry was born in the beginning of 19th century, contributes a huge amount in GDP of American as well as one of the domination industries in American particularly and globe generally. This project provides an overall and comprehensive view about the U.S. automobile industry. Through application of appropriate strategic analysis tools, this topic focus on analyze four following parts: Firstly, the overall current macro-environment of this industry is provided, especially the key forces driving change in the U.S. automobile industry. Secondly, using the Michael Porter model to analyze the competitive environment or also called task or industry environment, the strengths and extent of competitive forces, which affect the attractiveness of the U.S. automobile industry. Next, map of the key strategic group in the U.S. automobile industry and analysis of the competitors in a main strategic group. Finally, based on the analysis of both environments, this report offers comments of the key opportunities and threats facing by the firm in the U.S. automobile industry and its attractiveness of the present incumbents and potential new entrants. I. INTRODUCTION The United States, with its total current resident is about 308 million, is the third most populous country in the world. It is the second largest country in Western Hemisphere, and the third or fourth largest in the world by total area. With an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity), the U.S. economy continuingly occupies the most important position in global economy. Based on these advantages, the U.S. automobile market is one of the third largest markets, after China and Japan, both of manufacturing and consumption. The U.S. automobile industry has long historic development from the early decades of the 19th. There were over 1800 automobile manufacturers in the United States in the past. Although very few can survive and only a few new ones were started after that period, they are on the top automakers of the world. Moreover, it attracts most of the biggest foreign automakers to locate factories and invest, such as Toyota, Honda, BMW, Mitsubishi, etc. Recently, the automobile industry dramatically down caused the shortage resource and the current economic crisis. The U.S. automobile cannot avoid this trend. However, the general industry and Big Three U.S. automakers General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford recover gradually whereby the timely auto industry bailout and restructuring of the President Barack Obamas government. II. THE CURRENT MACRO-ENVIRONMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY There are many external forces that can affect an industrys performance and hence to know well about the environment is the best way for improving the strength as well as reducing the weaknesses of companies in the field. This analysis of Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, Political and legal forces that affect the automobile manufacturing industry will be presented as follows. 1. Socio-cultural forces It cannot be deny that in todays society, people are judged on the type of cars they drive. Anyone who drives a nice and expensive vehicle is thought to be wealthy and success. People will find them-selves more valuable and feel better when they drive a nice and new car and therefore, car manufacturers target their markets by these thoughts. For example, with Mercedes-Benz, the producer launched three types of cars, which represent the brands value: luxury, safety, innovation. They are A-Class, F400-Carving and C-Class which being able to appeal the significant diversity of Mercedes-Benz in conquering the customers. Another thought provoking issue of the socio cultural is the environmental concerns for the need of fuel-efficient vehicles. Many environmentalists are worried about the impact that the gas cars have on the environment. The lower amount of gas emission emits into the air, the better the environment becomes. Therefore this problem also is taken into consideration by specialists of automobile companies. 2. Technological forces The U.S. is the worlds largest producer and consumer of motor vehicles with production of 16 million units every year. To increase its scale, the U.S automotive industry continues to experience technological change by investing on research and develop projects every year. These plan aim at finding out clean and renewable energy resources so that car can be used in the most efficient way. In addition to this, improving the quality of engine, making new more functions, changing technical innovation and styles for cars are also the objects that car-manufacturers want to bring to customers. Getting success as today, automobile industry should consider Internet as an important and useful instrument that make the business easier and more convenient. Thanks to its functions, the business of automobile industry becomes more efficiency and lower cost by e-booking, payment, connecting suppliers and customers online. For example, Ford, GM, and Daimler Chrysler created a global online exchange for suppliers and the original equipment manufacturers. 3. Economic forces In the past, the automobile manufacturing industry is regarded as one of the largest and vital industries within the U.S due to its great contributing to this economy in employment and productivity. Reports indicate that motor vehicle production represents over 5 % of the U.S. private sector GDP. However, because of the global crisis and the increase in oil price, 2008 and 2009 are the most difficult periods for automobile companies all over the world. In US, the number of cars sold is significantly reduced to be lower than 30% in 2008 and predicted 50% in 2009, making many automobile companies got into trouble, especially big ones like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. 19.4 billion aid from the U.S. government with 9.5 billion from Canada government can not help General Motors avoid from breaking in 1/6/2009. The car consumption of Ford Corporation also decreased significantly, they had to close four plants in the U.S. and thousands of workers to leave work until now. The head of corporate manufacturing automotive components Continental (Germany) Karl-Thomas Neumann is predicted, the crisis in the automobile industry could take up to the next 5 years. This means that over 50 million people live based on the automobile industry will have to face unemployment in this period. 4. Ecological forces After the crisis, major technology trends that automobile production corporations want to aim at are comfortable, friendly environment with consumption of fuel savings cars. In present, Hybrid vehicles with fuel economy of fuel consumption at 35 km per liter gasoline are taken into consideration and eventually moving to the car model that does not use fuel as crude oil is development direction of the automobile industry in the near future. Besides, Pollution Prevention Project will be carried out regularly with the hope of finding innovative ways to keep our environment healthier and cleaner. 5. Political and legal forces Since the 1960s, the U.S. government has issued regulations that affect the production and consumption of cars in this country. Accordingly, almost all of the provisions are about environmental related problems and the safety of the drivers as well as passengers. The first National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act that forced manufacturers to improve the safety for the passengers, the driver visibility, and the braking of the car were approved in 1966. After that, there was also growing concern for the environment, many Acts were introduced in order to set standards for automobile pollution and decrease in automobile emission such as The Vehicle Air Pollution and Control Act, Clean Air Act. Then, after the oil crisis in the 1970s, The Energy Policy and Conservation Act stated that all automobiles must meet a certain mileage per gallon to ensure that the amount of energy could be saved as much as possible. III. THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT In todays fierce competitive environment, the firms need to achieve competitive advantages for competing, existing and growing. Accordingly, the firms must recognize the environment that powerfully influences the firms. In American automobile industry, the automobile manufacturers have realized the environments influence to automotive industry. At the same time, they must look at the main sources of competitive forces and how high or low competitive force is. As stated by Wheelen and Hunger (2008, p. 83) about the six sources of competition in Porters Five Forces model. This framework is used to identify the opportunities and threats for entering in to a particular industry. It is featured as follow: Rivalry amongst existing firms in the industry The American automobile industry includes three major manufacturers, General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler. On the other hand, it has also two Japanese biggest competitors, Honda and Toyota. Now we will discuss about how strong each competitive force is and which they affect on the attractiveness of the American automotive industry. 1. The threat of new entrants-Barriers to entry New entrants can threaten the market share of existing competitors. One reason new entrants pose such a threat is that they bring additional production capacity, reducing the attractiveness. (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskinsson, 2008). The threat of new entrants is low in the American automobile industry because of some main reasons. First, the American automobile industry now is mature and it has attained economies of scale. Although Honda and Toyota have invested heavily in America to produce cars, now the crisis in the auto industry and the slow sluggish state of the global economy lead to small demand; therefore, new entrants are not interested to enter this sector. Besides, this heavy industry requires a significant amount of capital for producing automobiles as well as research and development new designs. It also demands modern technologies, management and marketing skills. Besides, establishing the intermediaries for distributing the products is not the simply problem in America. The firms must look for the dealership to sell their automobiles. These entry barriers are substantial that make it difficult for new automakers. Accordingly, it is not easy for any new entrants to enter the American automobile industry. 2. Bargaining power of suppliers According to Hill and Jones (2008), the bargaining power of suppliers is the suppliers ability to raise input prices or the costs of the industry by providing poor quality inputs or poor services. In the automobile industry, the bargaining power of suppliers is low. The auto manufactures need several components from suppliers. Moreover, there are many suppliers in this sector. We can see that suppliers in the U.S automobile industry have little power. Therefore, the auto manufacturers have many options for bargaining prices and deliveries. If suppliers do not meet some main qualifications such as quality and delivery, the auto manufacturers can switch to other suppliers. Besides, the automakers can have many opportunities to force down input price as well as demand higher quality inputs. 3. Bargaining power of buyers Wheelen and Hunger (2008) mentioned that buyers could have an effect on an industry through their ability to force down price, bargain for high quality or more services. Thus, powerful buyers should be viewed as a threat of the industry. The bargaining power of the buyers in the American automobile industry is high. Nowadays, customers easily get information and have many options in choosing brands and models of cars between auto suppliers. Some of qualifications that they based on in choosing cars are quality, price, appearance, efficient, and so on. Because of the variety of lifestyle, customers purchase the cars in different ways. Besides, the switching costs are low in automobile industry. As a result, the buyers can play off the supplying company against each other to force down price. Whats more, a buyer has the potential to integrate backward by producing the product itself as a bargaining tool. Ford and General Motor have used the threat of manufacturing a component themselves instead of buying it from suppliers. 4. The threat of substitute products Hitt, Ireland and Hoskinsson (2008) pointed out that substitute products are goods or services from outside a given industry that perform similar or the same functions as a products that the industry produce. The threat of substitute products in U.S automobile industry is medium. Although people can travel by several public transportation means such as subways, trains, buses, the need of automobiles is inevitable in todays modern life. Traveling by automobiles bring conveniences and dependences for people whenever and wherever they want to go. Moreover, in using subways, trains, buses, the switching costs are high in considering of time, money and convenience. The cost of fuel consumption, the maintenance costs, the annual insurance fee, and so on in using automobiles may be higher than traveling by public transportation means. Thus, we can see that the threat of substitute products is depend on personal preference and it can be seen mild in automobile industry. 5. Rivalry among existing firms in the industry Rivalry refers to the competitive struggle between companies in an industry to gain market share from each other (Hill and Jones, 2008). Rivalry among competitors is extremely intense in the American automobile industry. There are few competitors in this sector and they are roughly equal in size. We can consider that American automobile industry is a consolidated industry because a small number of large automobile companies dominate this industry. They are General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler. In todays economic recession with slow market growth, each auto company watches each other carefully and fights to take market share from each other. They compete with each other by offering long-term warranties to customers. Besides, the rivalry among existing firms is high in this industry because of not much differentiation opportunities. General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler produce automobiles and sport utility vehicles. They evaluate about the price, quality, product design, and after-sales services and support of each other in competing to gain market share. Overall, the competition between American automakers can strengthen the attractiveness of automobile market as well as improve the product quality and after-sales services in automobile industry. 6. Relative power of other stakeholders The US government has low power over the automobile industry. General Motors, Fords have plants outside the United States, where U.S laws are not applicable. Forces driven by market demand are the only forces that significantly affect profit potential of auto industry. Accordingly, the relative power of other stakeholders ability to affect profit potential is low. After analyzing the Porters Five Forces model in the American automobile industry, we can see that the threat of new entrants is low through high entry barriers. The rivalry among existing firms is extremely intense because of few automakers in this sector. The overall impact from buyers bargaining power to the industrys attractiveness is high because customers have many options. Suppliers have limited bargaining power in this industry. The threat of substitute products is moderate and the relative power of other stakeholders is low. IV. MAPPING OF THE KEY STRATEGIC GROUPS AND ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITORS According to Anthony Henry (2007) and Gregory, Lumpkin Marilyn (2002), the purpose of strategic group mapping is help organization identify their directly competitors, recognize mobility barriers, indicate the direction in which their strategies are moving to determine industry competition and analyze trends in the general and competitive environment. Automotive industry is one of the most complicated industries in which the giant corporations own many brands and focus on many different market sectors. The price of the product in the automotive industry is not only depended the cost but also related to the brand image of the firm. Those are the reason why this report chose the brand image and product ranger as the two variances for the two dimensions. Base on two dimensions as mentioned above, five strategic groups are formed. These groups are mainly formed base on the difference of brand image. However, the criterion of product ranger is very useful when mentioning about the luxury and extreme luxury group. The first group includes firms that have the brand image as low class / low price (Hyundai, Kia, Tata†¦). However, this group is the second highest wide range of product cluster. All most of those firms are defender. The short-term strategy of the companies mostly is cost orientation. The strategy of these organizations is try to clear the image of the low class, low quality brand and endeavor to enter to the second group which is middle class brands. The way that Hyundai try to do is build a new image of a quality brand when they offer an extensive warranty (7 years, 100,000 miles) (Gregory at all, 2002) The second group is the most powerful cluster. They have the most wide range of product which cover all most of segment of the automotive market exclude S-segment (Appendix I car classification). Majority of them are analyzers type. Toyota is a typical example. They have a wide range of current traditional engine product, which can give it a stable fundamental for them to innovate in the other sector. On the other sector, Toyota innovate the new generation hybrid engine (Toyota Prius), which is the solution in the world of traditional energy shortage nowadays. In the future, as the competitors in the same strategic group, Honda and Ford are going to introduce the new generation hybrid cars to compete with Toyota. To reach to the higher class of customers, these firms that stick with the image of middle class car try not to introduce a new high-class line but create a new higher-class brand or purchase an existence higher-class brand. With this purpose, Toyota creates Lexus, Nissan owns Infiniti, Volkswagen has Audi, Bentley and Bugatty etc. The third group is the high-class cluster. The price is higher than the middle-class mainly because the brand image and the performance of engine. In this group, the ranger of product is narrower than the middle class group because of the focus on the higher income group. To reach the higher class of customer, those firms also implicate the same strategy with the second group, which create new brands or purchase new ones. For example, BMW owns Rolls Royce. The fourth and fifth group is the luxury and extremely luxury car. Those two groups differ between each other not only on the price but also on the target customer although they are seemed in the same position when we mention in the ranger of product. The fourth group mainly focuses on the sport car, which has the high speed and hi-end technology. The target customers are young successful businessperson and celebrities. On the other section, the target customers of fifth group are people have the high state in the society, successful executives and of very rich. Because of the difference in the target customer and brand history image, the barrier of motivation is very high between those two groups. The group that this report focus on is the middle class which is the most profitable and innovative group in the automotive industry FORD Henry Ford in June 16, 1903 founded Ford Motors Company, which would go on to become one of the most profitable and largest companies in the world. As known one of the largest family-controlled companies, Ford family has been continuous controlling this company for over 100 years. The company locates the head-quarter in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. Ford is currently the fourth-largest automaker in the world and the third in US based on number of vehicle sold annually which records 1,602,011 in the U.S. market and 5,407,000 in the global market. In 2008, Ford employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Well-known brand and history Product diversification Offering hybrid and environmental friendly cars Good marketing plan: Bold Moves Sponsoring and financing for big event. Product has a good review: quality, reliability, moderate price. Firestone tire recalls. CEO Jacques Nasser and Chairman Bill Ford Jr. cannot get along. Their overseas allocation and outsourcing creates fewer jobs in America. Their products are getting lower quality due to use cheap ways to make them. HONDA Soichiro Honda found the Honda Technical Research Institute in Hamamatsu in October 1946, to develop and produce small 2-cycle motorbike engines. Two years later, Honda Motor Company, Ltd. was born, and in 1959, Honda opened its first storefront in Los Angeles with six industrious employees. Today, Honda employs nearly 27,000 people in all 50 states. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Good brand in producing high quality products from cars to motorcycles to lawn mowers. One of the largest manufacturers of motorcycles in the world Awards for initial quality and customer satisfaction Pioneer in engineering low emissions internal combustion and hybrid technology. Higher price for non-luxury vehicles. Non-attractive in truck product. High technology cost cause over-price for consumer. MITSUBISHI MOTOR Basically, Mitsubishi Motors is one member of Mitsubishi group was found on April 22, 1970, and was based on the successful introduction of the first Galant. Until now, MMC has 33,202 employees and 12,761 non-consolidated employees, as of March 2008. The Mitsubishi brand was introduced to the American market for the first time in 1971. Until now, they employ about 18,500 employees across United States. Nearly two-thirds of the Mitsubishi vehicles are sold in the U.S; particularly this number is 58,963 in the end of 2008. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES 4th largest automaker in Japan Restructuring Recovery plan. Strong brand awareness. Member of Mitsubishi Group. Poor model awareness. Loss of RD engineers. Weak uncertain leadership. Eclipse brand strongly associated with Female buyers. History of product recalls TOYOTA Toyota Motors Corporation was established on 28 August 1937 as independent company, headquarter is being located in Toyota city, Japan. The founder of Toyota was Kiichiro Toyoda. Nowadays, Toyota is basing 26 factories to produce vehicles, and marketing distribution in more than 170 countries in the world. In 2008, Toyota passed General Motors to become the No1 automaker in USA and the worlds largest automaker in global sales for the first time in history. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Well-trained employees. Strong leadership. Global organization, with a strong international position in 170 countries worldwide. High financial strength. Strong brand image based on quality, environmental friendly (greener), customized range. The largest automaker. Well culture-friendly, family†¦ encourages employees. Product diversification, developing the hybrid- motor product ranges. Japanese car manufacturer seen as a foreign importer. Quality issues due to rge-scale re-call made in 2005. Most products targeted to the US and Japan only shifting attention to the Chinese market. VOLKSWAGEN Founded by Ferdinand Porsche on May 28, 1937 as â€Å"Grsellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH† and renamed as â€Å"Volkswagenwerk GmbH† in 1938, from a small car company, nowadays Volkswagen becomes the largest automobile maker in the world by vehicle production (Autocar, 2009) STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Aggressive and talent leadership High financial strength. The largest automaker. High reputation German quality engine Cost-control with the purchasing list Non-stop requirement for the new project Special production testing process (manager attend the test drives) Lower position than Toyota and Honda in the market share Bad public image because of GM sue Not good relationship with their investors V. THE COMMENTATION VI. CONCLUSION Automobile industry is one of the most important industries contributed the U.S. worldwide dominated position. However, this industry now is facing the worst crisis of the car industry in the past decades. The most urgent task is recovering this crisis. Moreover, finding out the new developed trend is the main strategic for whole the industry.